Machine design book pdf download
<a href=”https://istnum.pw/123?keyword=Machine design book pdf download”><b><font size=”20″>Click here to Download</font></b></a>
<div class=”gavi” style=”clear: both; text-align: center;”>
<a href=”https://istnum.pw/123?keyword=Machine design book pdf download” rel=”nofollow noopener” style=”clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;” target=””><img border=”0″ data-original-height=”160″ data-original-width=”210″ src=”https://socprod.pw/ds11.jpeg” /></a>
As of today we have 81,, eBooks for you to download for free. Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines: A Failure Prevention Perspective. Download Machine Design Books – We have compiled a list of Best & Standard Reference Books on Machine Design Subject. These books are used by students of.
<h3>
A Textbook of Machine Design by replace.me AND replace.me [tortuka]_pdf | DocDroid
</h3>
<p>User icon An illustration of a person’s head and chest. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip.</p>
<p>Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. It may be achieved by minimising the undesirable effects. It is the design of any complex mechanical system like a motor car. It is the design of any element of the mechanical system like piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, etc.</p>
<p>This type of design depends upon the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis and optimisation of a design. Type of load and stresses caused by the load. The load, on a machine component, may act in several ways due to which the internal stresses are set up. The various types of load and stresses are discussed in chapters 4 and 5. Motion of the parts or kinematics of the machine. The successful operation of any ma- chine depends largely upon the simplest arrangement of the parts which will give the motion required.</p>
<p>The motion of the parts may be : a Rectilinear motion which includes unidirectional and reciprocating motions. Selection of materials. It is essential that a designer should have a thorough knowledge of the properties of the materials and their behaviour under working conditions. Some of the important characteristics of materials are : strength, durability, flexibility, weight, resistance to heat and corro- sion, ability to cast, welded or hardened, machinability, electrical conductivity, etc.</p>
<p>The various types of engineering materials and their properties are discussed in chapter 2. Form and size of the parts. The form and size are based on judgement. The smallest prac- ticable cross-section may be used, but it may be checked that the stresses induced in the designed cross-section are reasonably safe.</p>
<p>In order to design any machine part for form and size, it is neces- sary to know the forces which the part must sustain. It is also important to anticipate any suddenly applied or impact load which may cause failure.</p>
<p>Frictional resistance and lubrication. There is always a loss of power due to frictional resistance and it should be noted that the friction of starting is higher than that of running friction. It is, therefore, essential that a careful attention must be given to the matter of lubrication of all surfaces which move in contact with others, whether in rotating, sliding, or rolling bearings.</p>
<p>Convenient and economical features. In designing, the operating features of the machine should be carefully studied. The starting, controlling and stopping levers should be located on the basis of convenient handling.</p>
<p>The adjustment for wear must be provided employing the various take- up devices and arranging them so that the alignment of parts is preserved. If parts are to be changed for different products or replaced on account of wear or breakage, easy access should be provided and the necessity of removing other parts to accomplish this should be avoided if possible.</p>
<p>The economical operation of a machine which is to be used for production, or for the processing of material should be studied, in order to learn whether it has the maximum capacity consistent with the production of good work.</p>
<p>Use of standard parts. The use of standard parts is closely related to cost, because the cost of standard or stock parts is only a fraction of the cost of similar parts made to order.</p>
<p>The standard or stock parts should be used whenever possible ; parts for which patterns are already in existence such as gears, pulleys and bearings and parts which may be selected from regular shop stock such as screws, nuts and pins.</p>
<p>Bolts and studs should be as few as possible to Design considerations play important role in the successful avoid the delay caused by changing production of machines. Safety of operation.</p>
<p>Some machines are dangerous to operate, especially those which are speeded up to insure production at a maximum rate. Therefore, any moving part of a machine which is within the zone of a worker is considered an accident hazard and may be the cause of an injury. It is, therefore, necessary that a designer should always provide safety devices for the safety of the operator.</p>
<p>The safety appliances should in no way interfere with operation of the machine. Workshop facilities. It is sometimes necessary to plan and supervise the workshop operations and to draft methods for casting, handling and machining special parts. Number of machines to be manufactured. The number of articles or machines to be manu- factured affects the design in a number of ways.</p>
<p>The engineering and shop costs which are called fixed charges or overhead expenses are distributed over the number of articles to be manufactured.</p>
<p>If only a few articles are to be made, extra expenses are not justified unless the machine is large or of some special design. Cost of construction. The cost of construction of an article is the most important consideration involved in design. In some cases, it is quite possible that the high cost of an article may immediately bar it from further considerations.</p>
<p>If an article has been invented and tests of hand made samples have shown that it has commercial value, it is then possible to justify the expenditure of a considerable sum of money in the design and development of automatic machines to produce the article, especially if it can be sold in large numbers. The aim of design engineer under all conditions, should be to reduce the manufacturing cost to the minimum.</p>
<p>Every machine or structure must be assembled as a unit before it can function. Large units must often be assembled in the shop, tested and then taken to be transported to their place of service. The final location of any machine is important and the design engineer must anticipate the exact location and the local facilities Car assembly line. The problem may be attempted in several ways. However, the general procedure to solve a design problem is as follows : 1.</p>
<p>Recognition of need. First of all, make a complete statement of the problem, indicating the need, aim or purpose for which the machine is to be designed. Synthesis Mechanisms. Select the possible mechanism or group of mechanisms which will give the desired motion. Analysis of forces. Find the forces acting on each member of the machine and the energy transmitted by each member.</p>
<p>Material selection. Select the material best suited for each member of the machine. Design of elements Size and Stresses. Find the size of each member of the machine by considering the force acting on the member and the permissible stresses for the material used. It should be kept in mind that each member should not deflect or deform than the permissible limit. Modify the size of the member to agree with Fig. General procedure in the past experience and judgment to facilitate manufacture.</p>
<p>The Machine Design. Detailed drawing. Draw the detailed drawing of each component and the assembly of the machine with complete specification for the manufacturing processes suggested. The component, as per the drawing, is manufactured in the workshop. The flow chart for the general procedure in machine design is shown in Fig. The aesthetic and ergonomics are very important features which gives grace and lustre to product and dominates the market. Every quantity is measured in terms of some arbitrary, but internationally accepted units, called fundamental units.</p>
<p>These are known as : 1. Since the present course of studies are conducted in S. This system is now being used in many countries. In this system of units, there are seven fundamental units and two supplementary units, which cover the entire field of science and engineering.</p>
<p>These units are shown in Table 1. Fundamental and supplementary units. Physical quantity Unit Fundamental units 1. Length l Metre m 2. Mass m Kilogram kg 3. Time t Second s 4. Temperature T Kelvin K 5. Electric current I Ampere A 6.</p>
<p>Luminous intensity Iv Candela cd 7. Amount of substance n Mole mol Supplementary units 1. It is an international organisation of which most of the advanced and developing countries including India are members. The conference has been entrusted with the task of prescribing definitions for various units of weights and measures, which are the very basics of science and technology today. Table 1. Derived units. Quantity Symbol Units 1. The implementation of lSO recommendations, in a country, is assisted by its organisation appointed for the purpose.</p>
<p>We have already discussed that the fundamental units in S. But in actual practice, it is not necessary to express all lengths in metres, all masses in kilograms and all times in seconds. We shall, sometimes, use the convenient units, which are multiples or divisions of our basic units in tens. As a typical example, although the metre is the unit of length, yet a smaller length of one-thousandth of a metre proves to be more convenient unit, especially in the dimensioning of drawings.</p>
<p>The full list of these prefixes is given in the following table : Table 1. Prefixes used in basic units. Units The eleventh General Conference of Weights and Measures recommended only the fundamen- tal and derived units of S. But it did not elaborate the rules for the usage of the units. Later on many scientists and engineers held a number of meetings for the style and usage of S. Some of the decisions of the meeting are : 1. A dash is to be used to separate units that are multiplied together.</p>
<p>It should not be confused with mN, which stands for milli newton. Plurals are never used with symbols. For example, metre or metres are written as m. All symbols are written in small letters except the symbol derived from the proper names. For example, N for newton and W for watt.</p>
<p>The units with names of the scientists should not start with capital letter when written in full. For example, 90 newton and not 90 Newton. At the time of writing this book, the authors sought the advice of various international authori- ties, regarding the use of units and their values.</p>
<p>Moreover it is becoming a conventional practice to use only those power of ten which conform to x, where x is a positive or negative whole number. The authors have tried to avoid such questions in the text of the book. It was decided to use : not 4 or 4, 75 not or 7,58,90, 0. Now let us discuss about the units. We know that the fundamental units in S.</p>
<p>While expressing these quantities, we find it time consuming to write the units such as metres, kilograms and seconds, in full, every time we use them. This happens because of the lack of clear understand- ing of the difference between the mass and weight. The following definitions of mass and weight should be clearly understood : Mass. The mass of a body is measured by direct comparison with a standard mass by using a lever balance.</p>
<p>It is the amount of pull, which the earth exerts upon a given body. It is thus obvious, that the weight is a force. The pointer of this spring gauge shows the tension in the hook as the brick is pulled along. Thus, it is a definite amount of force. But, unfortunately, has the same name as the unit of mass. The weight of a body is measured by the use of a spring balance, which indicates the varying tension in the spring as the body is moved from place to place.</p>
<p>Note : The confusion in the units of mass and weight is eliminated to a great extent, in S. I units. In this system, the mass is taken in kg and the weight in newtons. Like other scientific laws, these are also justified as the results, so obtained, agree with the actual observations. Following are the three laws of motion : 1. This is also known as Law of Inertia. For the sake of convenience, the unit of force adopted is such that it produces a unit acceleration to a body of unit mass.</p>
<p>Therefore, when the same body is moving with an acceleration of 9. But we denote 1 kg mass, attracted towards the earth with an acceleration of 9. It will be interesting to know that the mass of a body in absolute units is numerically equal to the weight of the same body in gravitational units.</p>
<p>The moment of a force is equal to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point, about which the moment is required, and the line of action of the force. Moment of a force. The perpendicular distance x between the lines of action of two equal and opposite parallel forces is known as arm of the couple. The magnitude of the couple i. But, a couple produces a motion of rotation of the body on which it acts.</p>
<p>He causes the anti-clockwise moment of newton-metres N-m. The girl is lighter N but she stands further from the pivot 3m. She causes a clockwise moment of N-m, so the seesaw is balanced. The following table shows the mass densities of some common materials used in practice. Mass density of commonly used materials. If the mass of every particle of a body is multiplied by the square of its perpendicular distance from a fixed line, then the sum of these quantities for the whole body is known as mass moment of inertia of the body.</p>
<p>It is denoted by I. Consider a body of total mass m. Let it be composed of small particles of masses m1, m2, m3, m4, etc. If k1, k2, k3, k4, etc. Mass moment of inertia. It may be defined as the distance, from a given reference, where the whole mass of body is assumed to be concentrated to give the same value of I.</p>
<p>The unit of mass moment of inertia in S. Notes : 1. If the moment of inertia of body about an axis through its centre of gravity is known, then the moment of inertia about any other parallel axis may be obtained by using a parallel axis theorem i. A little consideration will show that the torque is equivalent to a couple acting upon a body.</p>
<p>It is the work done by a force of 1 newton, when it displaces a body through 1 metre. Note : While writing the unit of work, it is a general practice to put the units of force first followed by the units of displacement e. Generally, a bigger unit of power called kilowatt briefly written as kW is used which is equal to W Notes : 1.</p>
<p>The ratio of the power output to power input is known as efficiency of a machine. It is always less than unity and is represented as percentage. The energy exists in many forms e. But we are mainly concerned with mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is equal to the work done on a body in altering either its position or its velocity. The following three types of mechanical energies are important from the subject point of view : 1. Potential energy. It is the energy possessed by a body, for doing work, by virtue of its position.</p>
<p>Strain energy. It is the potential energy stored by an elastic body when deformed. A compressed spring possesses this type of energy, because it can do some work in recovering its original shape. Thus, if a compressed spring of stiffness s N per unit deformation i. Kinetic energy.</p>
<p>It is the energy possessed by a body, for doing work, by virtue of its mass and velocity of motion. When a body has both linear and angular motions, e. The energy can neither be created nor destroyed, though it can be transformed from one form into any of the forms, in which energy can exist.</p>
<p>The loss of energy in any one form is always accompanied by an equivalent increase in another form. When work is done on a rigid body, the work is converted into kinetic or potential energy or is used in overcom- ing friction.</p>
<p>If the body is elastic, some of the work will also be stored as strain energy. The machine Steel. In In this The engineering materials are mainly classified as : Metals and their alloys, such as iron, steel, Non-metals, such as glass, rubber, plastic, etc. The metals may be further classified as : The non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as their main constituent, such as copper, aluminium, brass, tin, zinc, etc.</p>
<p>The best material is one which serve the desired objective at the minimum cost. The following factors should be considered while selecting the material : 1. Availability of the materials, 2. Suitability of the materials for the work- ing conditions in service, and A filament of bulb needs a material like tungsten 3.</p>
<p>The cost of the materials. The important properties, which determine the utility of the material are physical, chemical and mechanical properties.</p>
<p>We shall now discuss the physical and mechanical properties of the material in the following articles. The following table shows the important physical properties of some pure metals. Physical properties of metals. These mechanical properties of the metal include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, creep and hardness.</p>
<p>We shall now discuss these properties as follows: 1. It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces without breaking or yielding. It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.</p>
<p>It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation when the external forces are removed. This property is desirable for materials used in tools and machines.</p>
<p>It may be noted that steel is more elastic than rubber. It is property of a material which retains the deformation produced under load permanently. This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images on coins and in ornamental work.</p>
<p>It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire with the applica- tion of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic.</p>
<p>The ductility is usually measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area. The ductile material commonly used in engineering practice in order of diminishing ductility are mild steel, copper, aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead. Note : The ductility of a material is commonly measured by means of percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area in a tensile test.</p>
<p>Refer Chapter 4, Art. It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion. Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads, snap off without giving any sensible elongation.</p>
<p>Cast iron is a brittle material. It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material should be plastic but it is not essential to be so strong.</p>
<p>The malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice in order of diminishing malleability are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminium.</p>
<p>It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like hammer blows. The toughness of the material decreases when it is heated. It is measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the Gauge to show the material has absorbed after being stressed upto pressure applied.</p>
<p>This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads. It is the property of a material which refers to a relative case with which a material can be cut. The machinability of a material can be measured in a number of ways such as comparing the tool life for cutting different materials or thrust required to remove the material at some given rate or the energy required to remove a unit volume of the material.</p>
<p>It may be noted that brass can be Ball is forced into easily machined than steel. It is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads. It is measured by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within elastic limit. This property is essential for spring materials. When a part is subjected to Screw to position a constant stress at high temperature for a long sample period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation called creep.</p>
<p>This property is considered in designing internal combustion engines, boilers and turbines. When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. The failure is caused by means of a tance of a metal to attempts to deform it. This ma- progressive crack formation which are usually chine invented by the Swedish metallurgist Johann August Brinell , measure hardness precisely.</p>
<p>This property is considered in designing shafts, connecting rods, springs, gears, etc. It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide variety of meanings. It embraces many different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching, deformation and machinability etc.</p>
<p>It also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal. The hardness of a metal may be determined by the following tests : a Brinell hardness test, b Rockwell hardness test, c Vickers hardness also called Diamond Pyramid test, and d Shore scleroscope.</p>
<p>The ferrous metals commonly used in engineering practice are cast iron, wrought iron, steels and alloy steels. The principal raw material for all ferrous metals is pig iron which is obtained by smelting iron ore with coke and limestone, in the blast furnace. The principal iron ores with their metallic contents are shown in the following table : Table 2. Principal iron ores. The carbon are loaded into contents in cast iron varies from 1. It also contains small amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorous and sulphur.</p>
<p>The carbon in a cast iron is present in either of the following two forms: 1. Free carbon or graphite, and 2. Combined car- Coke burns to carbon bon or cementite. The properties of cast iron which make it a valuable material for engineering purposes Slag, or are its low cost, good casting characteristics, high impurities, floats to the top of the Waste gas compressive strength, wear resistance and excellent iron used as fuel machinability. The compressive strength of cast iron is Smelting : Ores consist of non-metallic much greater than the tensile strength.</p>
<p>Following are elements like oxygen or sulphur combined the values of ultimate strength of cast iron : with the wanted metal. Grey cast iron. Haematite is an ore of iron. It has a low tensile give the ore its nickname of kidney ore. It can be easily machined. A very good property of grey cast iron is that the free graphite in its structure acts as a lubricant. Due to this reason, it is very suitable for those parts where sliding action is desired.</p>
<p>The grey iron castings are widely used for machine tool bodies, automotive cylinder blocks, heads, housings, fly-wheels, pipes and pipe fittings and agricul- tural implements. Table 2. Grey iron castings, as per IS : — The seven recommended grades of grey cast iron with their tensile strength and Brinell hardness number B.</p>
<p>N are given in Table 2. White cast iron. The white colour is due to fact that it has no graphite and whole of the carbon is in the form of carbide known as cementite which is the hardest constituent of iron. The white cast iron has a high tensile strength and a low compressive strength.</p>
<p>Since it is hard, therefore, it cannot be machined with ordinary cutting tools but requires grinding as shaping process. The white cast iron may be produced by casting against metal chills or by regulating analysis. The chills are used when a hard, wear resisting surface is desired for such products as for car wheels, rolls for crushing grains and jaw crusher plates.</p>
<p>Chilled cast iron. It is a white cast iron produced by quick cooling of molten iron. The quick cooling is generally called chilling and the cast iron so produced is called chilled cast iron. But on most castings, this hardness penetrates to a very small depth less than 1 mm. Sometimes, a casting is chilled intentionally and sometimes chilled becomes accidently to a considerable depth. The intentional chilling is carried out by putting inserts of iron or steel chills into the mould. When the molten metal comes into contact with the chill, its heat is readily conducted away and the hard surface is formed.</p>
<p>Chills are used on any faces of a casting which are required to be hard to withstand wear and friction. Mottled cast iron. It is a product in between grey and white cast iron in composition, colour and general properties. It is obtained in castings where certain wearing surfaces have been chilled. Malleable cast iron. The malleable iron is a cast iron-carbon alloy which solidifies in the as-cast condition in a graphite free structure, i.</p>
<p>It is ductile and may be bent without breaking or fracturing the section. The tensile strength of the malleable cast iron is usually higher than that of grey cast iron and has excellent machining qualities. It is used for machine parts for which the steel forgings would be too expensive and in which the metal should have a fair degree of accuracy, e. In order to obtain a malleable iron castings, it is first cast into moulds of white cast iron. Then by a suitable heat treatment i.</p>
<p>The following two methods are used for this purpose : 1. Whiteheart process, and 2. Blackheart process. In a whiteheart process, the white iron castings are packed in iron or steel boxes surrounded by a mixture of new and used haematite ore. During this period, some of the carbon is oxidised out of the castings and the remaining carbon is dispersed in small specks throughout the structure. The heating process is followed by the cooling process which takes several more days.</p>
<p>The result of this heat treatment is a casting which is tough and will stand heat treatment without fracture. In a blackheart process, the castings used contain less carbon and sulphur.</p>
<p>They are packed in a neutral substance like sand and the reduction of sulphur helps to accelerate the process. The carbon in this process transforms into globules, unlike whiteheart process. The castings produced by this process are more malleable.</p>
<p>The microstructure developed in a section depends upon the size of the section. In castings of small sections, it is mainly ferritic with certain amount of pearlite. The microstructure shall not contain flake graphite. Such recycling plants are expensive, but will become essential as vital resources become scarce. Note : This picture is given as additional information and is not a direct example of the current chapter.</p>
<p>The microstructure developed in the castings has a matrix essentially of ferrite with temper carbon and shall not contain flake graphite. The graphite is present in the form of temper carbon nodules.</p>
<p>Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron. The nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron is also called ductile cast iron or high strength cast iron. This type of cast iron is obtained by adding small amounts of magnesium 0. It has high fluidity, castability, tensile strength, toughness, wear resistance, pressure tightness, weldability and machinability.</p>
<p>It is generally used for castings requiring shock and impact resistance along with good machinability, such as hydraulic cylinders, cylinder heads, rolls for rolling mill and centrifugally cast products. The Indian standard IS : — recommends nine grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron based on mechanical properties measured on separately-cast test samples and six grades based on mechanical properties measured on cast-on sample as given in the Table 2.</p>
<p>The letter A after the designation of the grade indicates that the properties are obtained on cast- on test samples to distinguish them from those obtained on separately-cast test samples. Recommended grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron as per IS : — These cast irons may be called as plain cast irons. The alloy cast iron is produced by adding alloying elements like nickel, chromium, molybdenum, copper and manganese in sufficient quantities.</p>
<p>These alloying elements give more strength and result in improvement of properties. The alloy cast iron has special properties like increased strength, high wear resistance, corrosion resistance or heat resistance.</p>
<p>The sharp corners of the flakes also act as stress raisers. The weakening effect of the graphite can be reduced by changing its form from a flake to a spheroidal form. The effect of these impurities on the cast iron are as follows: 1. It provides the formation of free graphite which makes the iron soft and easily machinable. It also produces sound castings free from blow-holes, because of its high affinity for oxygen.</p>
<p>It makes the cast iron hard and brittle. Since too much sulphur gives unsound casting, therefore, it should be kept well below 0. It makes the cast iron white and hard. It is often kept below 0. It helps to exert a controlling influence over the harmful effect of sulphur. It aids fusibility and fluidity in cast iron, but induces brittleness.</p>
<p>Phosphoric irons Phosphorus is a non-metallic are useful for casting of intricate design and for many light engineering element. It must be stored castings when cheapness is essential. It is the purest iron which contains at least Polarized light gives false-colour image. Slabs of impure iron Iron is hammered to remove impurities A close look at cast iron Wrought Iron The wrought iron is produced from pig iron by remelting it in the puddling furnace of reverberatory type.</p>
<p>Anupam Saxena and Birendra Sahay. Engineering Design. George E Dieter and Linda C. Fundamentals of Machine Component Design. RC Juvinall and Kurt M. Integrated Motion and Machine Control Solutions.</p>
<p>Introduction to Machine Learning. Kinematic Chains and Machine Components Design. Machine Elements: Life and Design. Boris M.</p>
<p>Machine Drawing. Machine Ethics. Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson.</p>